Color Atlas of Periodontology

For many decades, the periodontics has been the most prominent aspect of the clinical practice of dental hygiene. Calculation removal has been the primary goal on each patient's appointment; Indeed, the ability to physically remove the subgingival calculation remains nowadays the sine that non-practically all examinations of the state dental hygiene board. Many excellent books have been published over the years in order to teach successful mechanical instrumentation. Manufacturers of handheld dental instruments - Scarlers and curetas - Each year introduce innovative and even extravagant designs focused on improving calculation removal. Commercial houses have also given the profession of powerful dental hygiene tools such as sonic, ultrasonic, air and spray-powder systems: again, to clean deep or more efficiently dental surfaces.

But the change of century seemed an appropriate opportunity to reanalyze the role of periodontics in the dental hygiene profession, to establish new realities, and to define new goals for the profession. Our intention was to integrate new and relevant clinical knowledge to daily professional practice. We now know that this effort is quickly taking – worldwide - to a total change in the paradigm within general dental practice and dental hygiene. Only in the last 10 years, progress in periodontology has accelerated exponentially! This has been the result of teamwork, of teams integrated by clinicians, biologists, behavioral scientists, epidemiologists, and varied medical discipline specialists.

We now know that periodontal diseases of inflammatory type represents some of the most widespread health problems in the world today. The effects of periodontal diseases in general systemic health become clearer daily. For any hygienist ignore – or be ignorant of – these medical / dental relationships, now obvious, is simply unacceptable.

Key. Introduction.
Periodontal diseases. The clinical course of untreated periodontitis. Periodontitis—Concepts of therapy. Structural biology. Gingiva. Epithelial union. Union of connective tissue. Root cement. Bone support apparatus. Blood supply of the periodonto. Innervation of the periodonto. Coordinated functions of periodontal structures. Etiology and pathogenesis. Periodontitis—A multifactorial disease. Microbiology. Biofilm—Plaque formation on dental and radicular surfaces .. Supragingival plate. Natural factors that favor the retention of the plate. Iatrogenic factors that favor the retention of the plate. Subgingival plate. Bacterial invasion towards tissue?. Classification of oral microorganisms. Cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Periodontitis - Classical or opportunistic infection?. Putative periodontopathogenic bacteria. Virulence factors.

Transfer of virulence. Bacteria marker in periodontitis. "Pathogenic solitary fighters vs. "Pathological complexes"?. Endotoxins—Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interaction between LPS and the guest. Pathogenesis – Reactions and host defense capabilities. New concepts of pathogenesis - Therapeutic and diagnostic consequences. Response of the guest – Mechanisms and "participants". Congenital immunity, not specific – The first line of defense. Acquired, specific immunity – The second line of defense. Components of the immune—Summary system. Interactions between specific and non—Specific immunity. Cell surface regulatory molecules: markers, receivers. Cytokines. Eicosanoids—Prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Enzymatic Matrix Metalloproteinases. Risk of periodontitis—the susceptible host. Genetic risk factors—Diseases, defects, variations. Alterful risk factors, modifying co-Factors. Pathogenesis i—Initial inflammatory reactions. Pathogenesis II—Histology. Pathogenesis III—Molecular biology. Loss of anchor I—Destruction of connective tissue. Loss of anchor II—Reabsorption bone. Pathogenesis— Clinical aspects: Gingivitis to periodontitis. Cyclic course of periodontitis. Periodontal Infections and Systemic Diseases. Etiology and pathogenesis—Summary.

Rates. Index of Papillar—ISP bleeding. Periodontal indexes Index of periodontal treatment needs in the community—IntPC. Registration and periodontal—Rep. Epidemiology. Epidemiology of gingivitis. Epidemiology of periodontitis. WHO Studies. Infectious and diagnostic entities. Types of periodontal diseases associated with the plate. Gingivitis—Periodontitis. Classification of periodontal diseases—Nomen-. clatura. Gingivitis. Histopathology. Clinical symptoms Mild gingivitis. Moderate gingivitis. Severe gingivitis Gingivitis / Ulcerative periodontitis. Histopathology. Clinical symptoms—Bacteriology. Ulcerative gingivitis (GUN). Ulcerative periodontitis (Pun). Gingivoperiodontitis—Therapy. Gingivitis modulated by hormones. Severa—Severe gestational gingivitis.

Gestational gingivitis and phenytoin. Periodontitis. Patobiology—The most important forms of periodontitis. Type II Type III B. Type III A. Type IV B. Patomorphology—Clinical grade of severity. Sacks and loss of anchor. Intra-alveolar defects, infrase sacks. Commitment of furca. Histopatológica. Additional clinical and radiographic symptoms. Chronic—Mild periodontitis to moderate. Chronic periodontitis —Severage. Aggressive periodontitis— Ethnic contributions?. Aggressive periodontitis —Case acute. Aggressive periodontitis —The initial. Prepubrural periodontitis—PP (aggressive periodontitis). Oral pathological alterations of gingiva and periodonto. Primary gingival alterations (type I b). Gingival and periodontal disorders (type IV A / B). Gingival enlarged induced by phenytoin. Gingival enlarged induced by dihydropyridine. Gingival enlarged induced by cyclosporins. Gingival hyperplasia after therapies with combined drugs. Benign tumors —Pulis. Benign tumors —Fibrosis, exostosis.

Malignant tumors. Gingivosis / Pemphigus. Pénfigo vulgar. Lichen flat: reticular and erosive. Leukoplasia, pre-Cancerous injuries—Oral granulomatosis. Herpetic herpes—Gingivostomatitis. Periodontitis with systemic diseases (type IV) —Diabetes type I and type II. Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases (type IV B) Down syndrome, Trisomy 21, "Mongolism". Periodontitis pre-puberty associated with systemic diseases Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (type IV B). Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome— "An exception for each rule". HIV—AIDS infection. HIV—Epidemiology disease. Classification and clinical course of HIV. Oral manifestations of HIV. Bacterial infections in HIV. Fungal infections. Viral infections. Neoplasms. HIV—Associated infections of unknown etiology. Invasion and replication of IH—Obstacles for systemic medicinal treatment. Treatment of patients with HIV—Pharmaceutical considerations. HIV—Treatment of opportunistic infections. Prevention of infection and post-exposure prevention—The dental team. Treatment of periodontitis-HIV. Gingival recession Fenestration and dehiscence of the alveolar bone. Clinical symptoms Recession—Located.

Recession—Widespread. Clinical situations similar to the recession. Recession—Diagnosis. Measurement of the recession (JAHNKE). Classification of the recession (Miller). Consequences of the recession. Data collection—Diagnosis—Prognosis. Collection of data—Exams. General History of Patient Health. Special history of the patient's health. Classic clinical findings. Summoning survey—Depth of polling, loss of clinical anchor. Survey of periodontal bags—Probes. Depth of survey of the bags—Interpretation of measured values. Commitment of Furca—Horizontal and Vertical Invasion of Furca. Dental mobility—Functional analysis. Ray. Additional diagnosis—Tests. Microbial diagnosis—Testing methods. Diagnosis of microbial sacks—Dark field and contrast phase microscopy. Diagnosis of microbial—Crop sacks. New diagnostic tests—Evaluation. Molecular biological tests. Bacterial probe—IAI pado Pado Practical Test. Test of DNA / RNA—IAI probes pado test 4.5. Immunological tests—Antigen-Antibody reactions. Bacterial tests enzymatic—Tested Bana. Tests of the guest—Risks' response.

Genetic risk—Genetic test on the polymorphism of IL-1. Test of the IL-1—Technical gene, evaluation. IL-1-Positive—Positive risk factor — Additional risk factors. Bad oral hygiene as a risk factor—Bleeding to the survey (SAS). Valuation of periodontal risk—Individual risk profile. Collection of diagnostic data periodontal, I and II. Computer Improved Tables—The Florida Probe System. Diagnosis. Prognosis. Prevention—Prophylaxis. Maintenance of health and disease prevention. Definition: prevention—Prophylaxis. Prevention of gingivitis and periodontitis. Therapy. Treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Therapeutic and technical concepts. Therapy—Problems. Periodontitis—Therapeutic goals, therapeutic results. Periodontal scar Healing and regeneration—Possibilities. Treatment planning—Sequence of pre-phase—Systemic health, oral hygiene. • 1—Causal, antimicrobial, anti-infectious phase. • 2—Surgical phase, corrective. • 3—Preventive phase, anti-infectious, "for life". General course of individual therapy—Planning. Systemic pre-phase. Evaluation— Can the patient be treated safely?. Bacteriemia—Prophylaxis by endocarditis.

Dental procedures at risk of bacteremia. Diabetes mellitus (DM)-risk for periodontitis. Smoking-an alterable risk factor. Emergency treatment Therapy phase 1. Presentation of case-motivation-information. Initial treatment 1-oral hygiene by the patient. Motivation-Gingival bleeding. Revealing plate agents. Tooth brushes. Technique of dental brushing. The technique alone-a different way of brushing your teeth. Electric dental brushes. Interdental hygiene. Toothpaste. Chemical plaque control-prevention "Soft chemo". Irrigadores. Oral hygiene for lingual halitosis-cleaning. Possibilities, successes and limitations of oral hygiene. Initial treatment 1- Creating conditions that enhance oral hygiene. Supragingal dental cleaning-promoted instruments and uses. Supragingal dental cleaning-manual instruments, prophylactic pasta and their uses. Creation of conditions that enhance oral hygiene-removal of iatrogenic irritants. Correction of iatrogenic-pontic irritants from bridges. Removal of retentive natural areas of plate-odontoplasty, depressions, irregularities. Reduction of retentive natural areas of pumping: morphological odontoplasty. Treatment of gingivitis caused by plate. Treatment of gingivitis.

Initial treatment 2 "Closed", subgingival therapy. Definitions. Non-surgical therapy, anti-infectious—Treatment goals. Antimicrobial therapy—Fighting the reservoir. Stirring root— With or without curethe? Closed therapy—Indication, instrumentation. Manual instruments for tartrectomy and root smoothing—Curstakes. Instruments driven for debridement. GRACEY—EXTANCE CURTAS. Manual instruments for special problems—Curstakes. Tartrectomy practice technique with gracey cures—Systematic approach. Sharpened of instruments. Sharpeful manual instruments manual. Automatic sharpening Underguardival debridement—Closed root cleaning. Closed therapy in quadrant 1 and in the rest of the dentition. Limitations of closed therapy. Possibilities and limitations of closed therapy. TBC— "Complete mouth therapy". TBC—Instrumental / Mechanical therapy and pharmacological therapy. TBC—Radiographic results. TBC—Statistical / Numerical results. Drugs. Anti-infectious support—Antibiotic therapy in the. Periodontal therapy. Criterion for decision making— When to use antibiotics? Antibiotics—Sensitivity and bacterial resistance. Systemic antimicrobial therapy vs. Local (topical.)

Local antimicrobial therapy (topical) - "Drug controlled drugs" (DLC). Response / Host-jacket-substances. Therapy Phase 2-Phase corrective: Summary-periodontal surgery and Mucogingival. Purposes and goals of periodontal surgery. Selection of the patient. Factors that influence the result of treatment. Methods of periodontal surgery and their indications. Principles of various modalities of treatment-advantages and disadvantages. Pre-operative treatment-post-operative care. Commitment of furca-treatment of furcas. Therapeutic possibilities of several cases. Commitment of Furca-Classifications. Commitment of Furca, F2, in the Maxilar-Furcoplasty. Phase Therapy 3. Periodontal Maintenance Therapy-Monitoring. Follow-up in the dental practice-effect of follow-up. Monitoring-Continuous Risk Management. The "Tracking Time" -Productural Maintenance Therapy. Dental hygienist and dentist-the "preventive team". Auxiliary personnel and treatment needs. Failure-lack of periodontal maintenance therapy. Negative results of therapy. Hypersensitive dentine. Dental implants-implant therapy. Determining diagnostic criteria. Therapeutic concepts-therapeutic results. Monitoring-handling of problems with implants. Geriatric periodontology? The periodonto in the elderly.

Changes related to age—Influence over. Treatment planning. Classification of periodontal diseases. Recent re-Classification of periodontal diseases (1999). Acknowledgments by the figures. REFERENCES